China’s rise as a leading global manufacturing power is closely linked to its vast internal migrant workforce and distinctive urbanization over the past four decades. This large pool of low-cost labor has significantly enhanced the competitiveness of Chinese manufactured goods in the international market. However, due to the lack of local household registration (hukou), these workers have been unable to access most urban social benefits, creating various challenges, including the separation of tens of millions of migrant families across different regions. In 2014, China launched its New-type Urbanization Plan, aiming to reform the hukou system by reducing the proportion of the “migrant” population by 2020 and increasing the enrollment of migrant children in urban schools. Drawing on 2020 Census data and recent policy documents, this presentation provides an initial evaluation of the key outcomes of the 2014 plan, discusses the ongoing challenges China faces in integrating its migrant population, and in its latest national and local efforts to further reform the hukou system.